DATA STRUCTURES LAB PROGRAMS

1. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on a singly linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
2. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on a doubly linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
3. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on a circular linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
4. Write a program that implements Stack and its operations using:
   1. Arrays
   2. ADT
5. Write a program that implements Queue and its operations using:
   1. Arrays
   2. ADT
6. Write a program that implements the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:
   1. Radix Sort
   2. Heap Sort
   3. Shell Sort
   4. Tree Sort
7. Write a program to implement tree traversal methods (Recursive and Non-Recursive).
8. Write a program to implement:
   1. Binary Search Trees
   2. B-Trees
   3. B+ Trees
   4. AVL Trees
   5. Red-Black Trees
9. Write a program to implement graph traversal methods.
10. Write a program to implement the following hash functions:
    1. Division Method
    2. Multiplication Method
    3. Mid-Square Method
    4. Folding Method

Data Structures Lab ( II Year I Semester)

1. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on singly linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
2. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
3. Write a program that uses functions to perform the following operations on circular linked list:
   1. Creation
   2. Insertion
   3. Deletion
   4. Traversal
4. Write a program that implements Stack and its operations using:
   1. Arrays
   2. Pointers
5. Write a program that implements Queue and its operations using:
   1. Arrays
   2. Pointers
6. Write a program that implements the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:
   1. Quick Sort
   2. Heap Sort
   3. Merge Sort
7. Write a program to implement tree traversal methods (Recursive and Non-Recursive).
8. Write a program to implement:
   1. Binary Search Tree
   2. B Trees
   3. B+ Trees
   4. AVL Trees
   5. Red-Black Trees
9. Write a program to implement graph traversal methods.
10. Implement pattern matching algorithms using:
    1. Boyer-Moore Algorithm
    2. Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) Algorithm

COMPUTER LAB TASKS

PCHardware

1. Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions.
   Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your instructor.
2. Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition.
   Lab instructors should verify the work and follow it up with a Viva.
   Also students need to go through the video which shows the process of assembling a PC.
3. Every student should individually install MS Windows on the personal computer.
   Lab instructor should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva.
4. Every student should install Linux on the computer.
   The system should be configured as dual boot with both Windows and Linux.
   Lab instructors should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva.

Internet & World Wide Web

1. Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp:
   Students should get connected to their Local Area Network and access the Internet.
   Configure TCP/IP settings and demonstrate website and email access.
2. Web Browsers & Surfing the Web:
   Students customize their browsers with LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop-up blockers.
   Configure plug-ins like Flash and JRE.
3. Search Engines & Netiquette:
   Students should learn how to use search engines and search assigned topics on Google.
4. Cyber Hygiene:
   Students should configure browsers to block pop-ups, ActiveX downloads and protect systems from viruses and worms.

LaTeX and WORD

1. Word Orientation:
   Introduction to LaTeX and MS Office/FOSS Word tools, toolbars, saving files, rulers, format painter and help resources.
2. Creating a Project Certificate:
   Features include formatting fonts, Drop Cap, text effects, character spacing, borders, colors, headers, footers, date and time.
3. Creating Project Abstract:
   Features include styles, tables, bullets, numbering, text direction, alignment, footnotes, hyperlinks, symbols, spell check and track changes.
4. Creating a Newsletter:
   Features include table of contents, newspaper columns, images, clipart, drawing toolbar, WordArt, textboxes, paragraphs and mail merge.

Excel

1. Excel Orientation:
   Introduction to Excel as a spreadsheet tool, toolbars, saving files, help and resources.
2. Creating a Scheduler:
   Features include gridlines, format cells, summation, autofill and formatting text.
3. Calculating GPA:
   Features include cell referencing, formulae, average, standard deviation, charts, worksheets, hyperlinks, count function and VLOOKUP.
4. Advanced Excel Features:
   Split cells, freeze panes, grouping, sorting, Boolean operators, logical operators and conditional formatting.

PowerPoint

1. Basic PowerPoint Utilities:
   Slide layouts, inserting text, WordArt, formatting text, bullets, numbering, AutoShapes, lines and arrows.
2. Interactive Presentations:
   Hyperlinks, images, clipart, audio, video, objects, tables and charts.
3. Master Layouts and Views:
   Slide templates, notes, presentation views, slide sorter, backgrounds, textures, design templates and hidden slides.

PYTHON PROGRAMMING LAB PROGRAMS

1. 1. Use a web browser to visit the Python website:
      Python Official Website
   2. Start the Python interpreter and type help() to use the online help utility.
2. Start a Python interpreter and use it as a calculator.
3. Write a program to calculate compound interest when principal, rate, and number of periods are given.
4. Read the name, address, email, and phone number of a person through the keyboard and print the details.
5. Print the following triangle using a for loop:

   5
   44
   333
   2222
   11111
   

6. Write a program to check whether the given input is a digit, lowercase character,
   uppercase character, or special character using if-elif-else ladder.
7. Write a Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval using break.
8. Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.
9. Write a program to find common values between two arrays.
10. Write a function called palindrome that takes a string argument and returns True if it is a palindrome and False otherwise.
11. Write a function called is_sorted that takes a list as a parameter and returns True if the list is sorted in ascending order and False otherwise.
12. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a list and returns True if any element appears more than once without modifying the original list.
13. Write a function called remove_duplicates that takes a list and returns a new list with only unique elements.
14. Add “I”, “a”, and the empty string to the provided words.txt word list.
15. Write a Python program to read dictionary values from the user and construct a function to invert its contents.
16. Add a comma between the characters of a word.
    Example: Apple → A,p,p,l,e
17. Remove a given word in all places from a string.
18. Write a function that takes a sentence as input and converts the first letter of every word to uppercase and the remaining letters to lowercase without using built-in functions.
19. Write a recursive function that generates all binary strings of n-bit length.
20. Write a Python program that defines a matrix and prints it.
21. Write a Python program to perform multiplication of two square matrices.
22. Explain how to make a module with an example using different geometrical shapes and operations as functions.
23. Use the structure of exception handling for all general-purpose exceptions.
24. Write a function called draw_rectangle that takes a Canvas and a Rectangle as arguments and draws the Rectangle on the Canvas.
25. Add an attribute named color to Rectangle objects and modify draw_rectangle to use the color attribute as the fill color.
26. Write a function called draw_point that takes a Canvas and a Point as arguments and draws the Point on the Canvas.
27. Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes and instantiate a few Circle objects.
28. Write a function called draw_circle that draws circles on the canvas.
29. Write a Python program to read a phone number and email ID from the user and validate them for correctness.
30. Write a Python program to merge the contents of two files into a third file.
31. Write a Python program to open a given file and construct a function to check whether given words are present in it and display them if found.
32. Write a Python program to read text from a text file and find the word with the maximum number of occurrences.
33. Write a function that reads a file and displays the number of words, vowels, blank spaces, lowercase letters, and uppercase letters.
34. Import NumPy, Matplotlib, and SciPy and explore their functionalities.
35. Install the NumPy package using pip and explore it.
36. Write a program to implement digital logic gates – AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR.
37. Write a GUI program to create a window wizard having two text labels,
    two text fields, and two buttons named Submit and Reset.

List of Experiments:

1. Write C programs to simulate the following CPU Scheduling algorithms:
   1. FCFS
   2. SJF
   3. Round Robin
   4. Priority Scheduling
2. Write programs using the I/O system calls of UNIX/LINUX operating system:

   open, read, write, close, fcntl, seek, stat, opendir, readdir
   

3. Write a C program to simulate Banker’s Algorithm for Deadlock Avoidance and Prevention.
4. Write a C program to implement the Producer–Consumer problem using semaphores with UNIX/LINUX system calls.
5. Write C programs to illustrate the following IPC mechanisms:
   1. Pipes
   2. FIFOs
   3. Message Queues
   4. Shared Memory
6. Write C programs to simulate the following memory management techniques:
   1. Paging
   2. Segmentation
7. Write C programs to simulate Page Replacement Policies:
   1. FCFS
   2. LRU
   3. Optimal

EXERCISES:

1. Build a responsive web application for a shopping cart with registration, login, catalog and cart pages using CSS3 features, Flex and Grid.
2. Make the above web application responsive using the Bootstrap framework.
3. Use JavaScript for doing client-side validation of the pages implemented in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.
4. Explore the features of ES6 like arrow functions, callbacks, promises, and async/await. Implement an application for reading weather information from OpenWeatherMap and display the information in graphical format on the web page.
5. Develop a Java standalone application that connects with the database (Oracle/MySQL) and performs CRUD operations on database tables.
6. Create an XML for the bookstore and validate it using both DTD and XSD.
7. Design a controller with Servlet that provides interaction with the application developed in Experiment 1 and the database created in Experiment 5.
8. Explore various session tracking mechanisms such as Cookies and HTTP Sessions for maintaining transactional history of users.
9. Create a custom server using the HTTP module and explore other Node.js modules like OS, Path, and Event.
10. Develop an Express web application that interacts with REST API to perform CRUD operations on student data using Postman.
11. For the above application, create authorized endpoints using JWT (JSON Web Token).
12. Create a React application for the student management system having Registration, Login, Contact, and About pages and implement routing for navigation.
13. Create a service in React that fetches weather information from OpenWeatherMap and displays current and historical weather information using graphical representation with Chart.js.
14. Create a TODO application in React with necessary components and deploy it into GitHub.

LAB PROBLEMS:

1. Understanding Data:
   What is data, where to find data, foundations for building data visualizations, and creating your first visualization.
2. Getting started with software using data file formats, connecting your data, and creating basic charts such as line charts, bar charts, and tree maps.
3. Calculations:
   Overview of SUM, AVG, and Aggregate features, creating custom calculations and fields.
4. Applying new data calculations to visualizations, formatting visualizations, using formatting tools and menus, and formatting specific parts of the view.
5. Editing and formatting axes, manipulating data, and pivoting data.
6. Structuring data, sorting and filtering data, and pivoting data.
7. Advanced Visualization Tools:
   Using filters, detail panel, size panels, customizing filters, customizing tooltips, and formatting data with colors.
8. Creating Dashboards & Storytelling:
   Creating dashboards and stories, designing for different displays, adding interactivity, and publishing visualizations.
9. File types, publishing online, sharing visualizations, printing, and exporting.
10. Creating custom charts, cyclical data and circular area charts, and dual axis charts.

List of Experiments:

1. Data acquisition using Multimeter and oscillographic recorder.
2. Connect an LED to GPIO pin 25 and control it through the command line.
3. Connect an LED to GPIO pin 24 and a Switch to GPIO pin 25 and control the LED with the switch.
4. The state of LED should toggle with every press of the switch.
   Use DHT11 temperature sensor and print the temperature and humidity of the room with an interval of 15 seconds.
5. Use joystick and display the direction on the screen.
6. Use Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and control an LED that should switch ON/OFF depending on the light.
7. Create a traffic light signal with three colored lights (Red, Orange and Green) with a duty cycle of 5-2-10 seconds.
8. Switch ON and switch OFF a DC motor based on the position of a switch.
9. Convert an analog voltage to digital value and show it on the screen.
10. Create a door lock application using a reed switch and magnet and give a beep when the door is opened.
11. Control a 230V device (Bulb) with Raspberry Pi using a relay.
12. Control a 230V device using a threshold temperature using a temperature sensor.
13. Create an application that has three LEDs (Red, Green and White).
    The LEDs should follow the cycle:

    All Off → Red On → Green On → White On
    

    for each clap using a sound sensor.

14. Create a web application for the above applications wherever possible with suitable modifications to get input and send output.

List of Experiments:

1. Use Eclipse or NetBeans platform and acquaint yourself with the various menus.
   Create a test project, add a test class, and run it.
   Explore auto suggestions, auto fill, code formatter and code refactoring like renaming variables, methods, and classes.
   Perform step-by-step debugging with a small program containing at least one if-else condition and a for loop.
2. Write a Java program to create an abstract class named Shape that contains two integers and an empty method named printArea().
   Provide three classes named Rectangle, Triangle, and Circle such that each one extends the class Shape and implements printArea().
3. 1. Write a Java program to list all the files in a directory including files present in all its subdirectories.
   2. Write a Java program on Random Access File class to perform different read and write operations.
4. Write a Java program that implements a multithread application with three threads.
   The first thread generates a random integer every 1 second.
   If the value is even, the second thread computes the square of the number.
   If the value is odd, the third thread computes the cube of the number.
5. 1. Write a Java program that correctly implements the Producer-Consumer problem using inter-thread communication.
   2. Write a Java program to synchronize threads acting on the same object
      (example: railway, bus or movie ticket reservation system).
6. 1. Develop an applet in Java that displays a simple message.
   2. Develop an applet in Java that receives an integer in one text field,
      computes its factorial value, and returns it in another text field when the “Compute” button is clicked.
7. Write a Java program that works as a simple calculator.
   Use Grid Layout to arrange buttons for digits and operations (+, -, *, %).
   Add a text field to display the result and handle exceptions like divide by zero.
8. Write a Java program that simulates a traffic light using radio buttons.
   Display “Stop”, “Ready”, or “Go” messages in corresponding colors when a light is selected.
9. Write a Java program that creates a user interface to perform integer division.
   Display NumberFormatException and ArithmeticException in a message dialog box when exceptions occur.
10. Write a Java program that handles all mouse events and shows the event name at the center of the window using Adapter classes.
11. Suppose a table named Table.txt is stored in a text file.
    The first line is the header and remaining lines correspond to rows separated by commas.
    Write a Java program to display the table using Labels in Grid Layout.
12. Write a Java program that loads names and phone numbers from a text file.
    Use hash tables to search using either a name or a phone number and display the corresponding value.
13. Write a Java program for the following:
    1. Create a doubly linked list of elements.
    2. Delete a given element from the list.
    3. Display the contents of the list after deletion.
14. Write a program to perform CRUD operations on the student table in a database using JDBC.

Exercises:

1. Build a responsive web application for a shopping cart with registration, login, catalog and cart pages using CSS3 features, Flex and Grid.
2. Make the above web application responsive using the Bootstrap framework.
3. Use JavaScript for client-side validation of the pages implemented in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.
4. Explore ES6 features like arrow functions, callbacks, promises and async/await.
   Implement an application to read weather information from
   OpenWeatherMap
   and display the information graphically on the web page.
5. Develop a Java standalone application that connects with Oracle/MySQL database and performs CRUD operations on database tables.
6. Create an XML for a bookstore and validate it using both DTD and XSD.
7. Design a controller using Servlet that provides interaction between the application developed in Experiment 1 and the database created in Experiment 5.
8. Explore various session tracking mechanisms such as Cookies and HTTP Sessions for maintaining user transactional history.
9. Create a custom server using the HTTP module and explore other Node.js modules such as OS, Path and Event.
10. Develop an Express web application that interacts with REST API to perform CRUD operations on student data using Postman.
11. Create authorized endpoints for the above application using JWT (JSON Web Token).
12. Create a React application for a student management system with Registration, Login, Contact and About pages and implement routing between the pages.
13. Create a service in React that fetches current and historical weather information from
    OpenWeatherMap
    and displays it graphically using Chart.js.
14. Create a TODO application in React with necessary components and deploy it to GitHub.

List of Experiments:

Using 8086 Processor Kits and/or Assembler

1. Write Assembly Language Programs for 8086 to perform:
   1. Arithmetic Operations on 16-bit and 32-bit data
   2. Logical Operations on 16-bit and 32-bit data
   3. String Operations on 16-bit and 32-bit data
2. Write Assembly Language Programs for:
   1. Bit-level Logical Operations
   2. Rotate Operations
   3. Shift Operations
   4. Swap Operations
   5. Branch Operations

Using 8051 Microcontroller Kit

1. Introduction to IDE
2. Assembly Language Programs to perform:
   1. Arithmetic Operations (Signed and Unsigned) on 16-bit Data
   2. Logical Operations (Byte and Bit-level Operations)
   3. Rotate Operations
   4. Shift Operations
   5. Swap Operations
   6. Branch Instructions
3. Time Delay Generation using Timers of 8051.
4. Serial Communication from/to 8051 to/from I/O Devices.
5. Program using Interrupts to:
   • Generate Square Wave of 10 KHz Frequency on P2.1 using Timer 0 in 8-bit Auto Reload Mode
   • Connect a 1 Hz Pulse to INT1 pin and display on Port 0
   • Assume Crystal Frequency as 11.0592 MHz

Interfacing I/O Devices to 8051

1. 7-Segment Display Interface to 8051.
2. Matrix Keypad Interface to 8051.
3. Sequence Generator using Serial Interface in 8051.
4. 8-bit ADC Interface to 8051.
5. Triangular Wave Generator through DAC Interface to 8051.

List of Experiments

1. 1. Install Flutter and Dart SDK.
   2. Write a simple Dart program to understand the language basics.
2. 1. Explore various Flutter widgets (Text, Image, Container, etc.).
   2. Implement different layout structures using Row, Column, and Stack widgets.
3. 1. Design a responsive UI that adapts to different screen sizes.
   2. Implement media queries and breakpoints for responsiveness.
4. 1. Set up navigation between different screens using Navigator.
   2. Implement navigation with named routes.
5. 1. Learn about stateful and stateless widgets.
   2. Implement state management using setState and Provider.
6. 1. Create custom widgets for specific UI elements.
   2. Apply styling using themes and custom styles.
7. 1. Design a form with various input fields.
   2. Implement form validation and error handling.
8. 1. Add animations to UI elements using Flutter’s animation framework.
   2. Experiment with different types of animations (fade, slide, etc.).
9. 1. Fetch data from a REST API.
   2. Display the fetched data meaningfully in the UI.
10. 1. Write unit tests for UI components.
    2. Use Flutter debugging tools to identify and fix issues.

List of Experiments

1. Implement a basic block cipher algorithm to understand how encryption secures data in IoT devices.
2. Create a simple blockchain to understand its structure and relevance in IoT security.
3. Set up an IoT device such as Raspberry Pi and identify potential security vulnerabilities.
4. Integrate various sensors and actuators into an IoT system, understand their role in cyber-physical systems, and explore common security challenges.
5. Conduct experiments to read RFID tags and discuss their security implications.
6. Use cryptographic libraries to create digital signatures using elliptic curves and understand their application in IoT security.
7. Implement Merkle Trees and experiment with elliptic curve digital signatures to secure communication on IoT hardware like Arduino.
8. Simulate the working of Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) algorithms in the context of cryptocurrencies and IoT.
9. Set up different IoT networking protocols and analyze their security features.
10. Create a simple smart contract using Ethereum to understand its applications and verification challenges.

List of Experiments

1. Concept Design with E-R Model
2. Relational Model
3. Normalization
4. Practicing DDL Commands
5. Practicing DML Commands
6. 1. Querying using ANY, ALL, UNION, INTERSECT, JOIN and Constraints
   2. Nested and Correlated Subqueries
7. Queries using Aggregate Functions, GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and Dropping of Views
8. Triggers:
   1. Creation of Insert Trigger
   2. Creation of Delete Trigger
   3. Creation of Update Trigger
9. Procedures
10. Usage of Cursors

List of Programs

1. Familiarization of the tools used for Computer Vision.
2. Implement basic image operations:
   1. Loading and displaying an image
   2. Color formats
   3. Image enhancement
3. Implement smoothing filters on an image using:
   1. Gaussian Filter
   2. Median Filter
   3. Mean Filter
4. Demonstrate Fourier Transformations.
5. Implement histogram calculation and equalization for the given image.
6. Implement morphological operations such as:
   1. Dilation
   2. Erosion
   3. Opening
   4. Closing

   on the given image.

7. Implement edge detection on images using any two edge detection masks.
8. Detection of motion from structure.
9. Implement texture extraction of a given image.
10. Implement object detection such as recognizing pedestrians.
11. Implement face recognition of an image using K-Means clustering.
12. Implement dimensionality reduction using PCA for the given images.
13. Demonstrate model-based reconstruction using TensorFlow.

List of Experiments

Write a Program to Implement the following using Python:

1. Breadth First Search
2. Depth First Search
3. Tic-Tac-Toe Game
4. 8-Puzzle Problem
5. Water-Jug Problem
6. Travelling Salesman Problem
7. Tower of Hanoi
8. Monkey Banana Problem
9. Alpha-Beta Pruning
10. 8-Queens Problem